Libya

The rights of sexual and gender minorities in Libya are extremely restricted. Consensual same-sex sexual activity is criminalized under the penal code. Articles criminalizing “illicit sexual intercourse” and “indecent acts” apply to both men and women and carry penalties of up to five years’ imprisonment. There are no legal protections from discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or sex characteristics, and same-sex relationships are not legally recognized. Legal gender recognition is unavailable, leaving transgender people without the ability to change official identity documents.

The enforcement of these laws and broader repression have intensified as a result of the country’s political instability following the 2011 revolution. Armed groups and security agencies have arrested individuals based on their perceived sexual orientation or gender identity, and reports indicate ongoing discrimination, violence, and arbitrary detention targeting LGBTIQ people. Authorities have also targeted individuals and businesses accused of promoting homosexuality, reinforcing a climate of fear and repression.

Recent developments in 2024 and 2025 indicate further deterioration of fundamental freedoms. The government announced plans to reinstate a “morality police,” tasked with enforcing strict social norms and prosecuting individuals whose behavior or expression is deemed inconsistent with Libyan cultural or religious values. These measures—along with broader crackdowns on civil society, migrants, and organizations accused of promoting homosexuality or immorality—have raised serious concerns among human rights groups about increased surveillance, arrests, and repression.

Social stigma and hostility toward sexual and gender minorities remain pervasive, reinforced by conservative social norms, weak rule of law, and ongoing conflict. Activists and community members often operate underground or flee the country due to threats, harassment, and violence. Overall, Libya remains one of the most restrictive environments globally for people of queer experience, with criminalization, lack of legal protections, and escalating moral policing continuing to severely limit safety and fundamental rights.